Circulating nanoparticles may potentially influence red blood cells (RBCs) and damage their membranes. Importantly, iron oxide NPs altered vascular function in terms of enhanced NO-dependent components of acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation. A recent study showed superparamagnetic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-coated magnetite NPs did not alter blood pressure and plasma corticosterone levels, but produced tissue-dependent changes in nitric oxide (NO) production in normotensive rats. Elevated amounts of iron were observed also in the lungs, brain, heart, aorta, and other tissues. They are excluded mostly by kidneys, if size is <6–15 nm larger particles are excreted via hepatobiliary clearance and some are internalized in the spleen. Behavior of iron oxide nanoparticles administered intravenously in the organism depends on their physicochemical properties, such as composition, size, ζ-potential, coating, colloidal stability, concentration, etc. A major concern relates to their toxic effects on the cells, as well as on the living organism, mainly due to possible interference with iron metabolism. However, some of them were later withdrawn from the market due to the lack of interest in the medical community, rentability of production, and potential health risks. Examples of commercial polysaccharide-coated magnetic nanoparticles involve Lumirem ®, Feridex ®, Endorem TM, Feraheme ®, and GastroMARK ®. Such particles were already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of sentinel lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bowel or treatment of iron deficiency. Iron oxide-based magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) exhibiting superparamagnetic properties due to their nanoscale size are promising in a variety of bioapplications. In conclusion, the results suggest that acute intravenous administration of Fe 3O did not produce negative effects on blood pressure regulation, vascular function, and RBCs in hypertensive rats. NO production was reduced only in the kidney. Fe 3O induced increase in superoxide production in the kidney and spleen, but not in the left heart ventricle, aorta and liver. In addition, Fe 3O did not alter functions of the femoral arteries. Results showed that Fe 3O particles did negatively affect blood pressure, heart rate and RBC deformability, osmotic resistance and NO production. The effect of particles on blood pressure, vascular functions, nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide production in the tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rats, as well as the effect on red blood cell (RBC) parameters, was investigated after intravenous administration (1 mg Fe 3O 4/kg of body weight). Magnetic nanoparticles, designated as magnetite coated with poly(ethylene glycol)-alendronate (Fe 3O were characterized in terms of number-average ( D n) and hydrodynamic ( D h) size, ζ-potential, saturation magnetization, and composition. In this study, magnetite nanoparticles were prepared and coated with poly(ethylene glycol) terminated by alendronate to ensure firm binding to the iron oxide surface.
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